About bioenergy

生物质能是瑞典如今的主要能源。瑞典能源系统经历了重大转型。 在20世纪70年代，石油完全占主导地位。今天，石油几乎仅为交通运输燃料，而生物质能已经在集中供热中占据了主导地位，在工业和电力生产方面发挥着重要作用。

Bioenergy is the leading energy source in Sweden today. The Swedish energy system has gone through a major transformation. In the 1970s oil was totally dominating. Today, oil is almost entirely a transport fuel, whereas bioenergy has taken over in district heating, and plays a major role in industry and in electricity production.

瑞典的生物质能使用量已经从20世纪70年代的40TWh /年增加到今天的140TWh。2009年，生物质能超过了石油成为瑞典能源消费的主要能源。同年，生物质能的使用总量超过了水力发电和核电的使用总量。

The use of bioenergy in Sweden has increased from 40 TWh/year in the 1970s to around 140 TWh today. In 2009, bioenergy surpassed oil as the leading energy source for the Swedish energy consumption. The same year, the total use of bioenergy was more than the use of electricity from hydropower and nuclear power together.

生物质在瑞典供热市场占有主导地位，在很大程度上是作为集中供热的燃料。生物质也是能源密集型林产业的主要能源。生物质发电占瑞典电力生产的7-9％，生物燃料正在进入运输燃料领域。生物质能的特点是多样化，并具有市场扩张性。

Biomass has a dominant position in the Swedish heat market, to a large part as fuel in district heating. Biomass is also the main energy source in energy intensive forest-based industries. Bio-electricity, biopower, accounts for 7–9 percent of Sweden’s power production, and biofuels are making inroads into transport fuels. Bioenergy is characterised by diversity, and by expansion in all markets.

增加生物质能的使用是1990-2014年间瑞典减少25％温室效应气体排放量的主要原因，当时国民生产总值增长了60%。在此期间，生物质能使用量翻了一番多。

Increased bioenergy use is the main reason that Sweden managed to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent between 1990 and 2014, while GNP increased by 60 percent. Bioenergy use more than doubled during the period.

瑞典生物质能行业巨大增长的主要原因是广泛的政府支持和强大的激励措施，如瑞典二氧化碳税（1991年引入）、绿色电力证书（2003年引入），交通运输领域生物燃料免税 ，以及直接的投资支持。

The primary reason for the tremendous growth of the bioenergy sector in Sweden is broad political support and the use of strong general incentives like the Swedish carbon dioxide tax (introduced in 1991) the green electricity certificates (introduced in 2003), and tax exemption for biofuels for transport, as well as direct investment supports.

生物质能的成功发展还取决于瑞典长期以来使用森林资源资源的传统，同时保护和开发这些资源。瑞典森林木材库存和储存的碳逐年增加，尽管生物质能的使用量迅速增加。

The bioenergy success story also rests on the long-standing Swedish tradition of using the natural resources in our forests, whilst simultaneously protecting and developing these resources. The total stock of wood in the Swedish forests, and stored carbon, has increased year by year, despite the rapidly increasing use of biomass for energy.

瑞典生物质供热

Bioheat

生物质供热是瑞典规模大、常见的生物质能利用形式。家庭、公共建筑、办公室和工业中的过程用热、农场建筑物以及温室等。

Biomass for heating is the largest and most common bioenergy use in Sweden. Heat is needed for space heating in homes, public buildings, offices and industries, and for process heat in industries, for buildings on farms, for greenhouses, etc.

如今生物质供热占一半以上的住房和服务行业空间供热，通过直接使用锅炉，或间接通过热电厂生产的热量，用作集中供热。各种生物质都在被使用，但主要类型是森林生物质 - 林业木材燃料。

Bioheat today accounts for more than half of all space heating in the housing and service sectors, either through direct use in boilers, or indirectly through production of heat in heat plants and use as district heat. All kinds of biomass are used, but the predominant type is forest biomass – wood fuels from forestry and forest-based industries.

瑞典生物质发电

Biopower

生物质产生的电力称为生物质发电。如今生物质发电是继核电和水电之后，瑞典第四大电力来源。

Electricity produced from biomass is called biopower. Biopower is today, after nuclear- and hydropower, the fourth largest source of electricity in Sweden.

生物质发电由生物质产生，通常是木材燃料在锅炉中燃烧。这可以发生在一个热电联产工厂。所产生的热量用于加热水汽，使涡轮机转动，并且可以产生电力。多余的热量通过集中供热网分配到家庭和工业用户。

Biopower is produced by biomass, usually wood fuels, burning in a furnace connected to a boiler. This occurs in a CHP-plant. The heat generated is used to heat the watervapor which in turn makes the turbine rotate, and electricity can be generated.The excess heat is distributed through a district heating network to homes and industrial users.

听起来很简单 - 生物质能可以提供电力和热量！

It is as easy as it sounds – Bioenergy delivers electricity andheat!

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与Bioenergi杂志一起，我们在一张地图上标注出瑞典的所有生物质能生产点。 该图显示了209个点，另有20个还在计划中。

Together with the magazine Bioenergi, we produce a map over all the biopower production units in Sweden. This map shows biopower production at 209 locations, and another 20 planned units.

Söderenergi.Igelsta CHP工厂

第二大的生物质热电联产厂

the second largest biomass fired CHP plant for heat and electricity

By：Stig Almqvist

生物质发电的优势

Advantages with biopower

生物质发电有很多优点，除了明显的优点，它是可再生的：

Biopower has a number of advantages, besides the obvious one, that it is renewable:

每年的秋季到冬季是生物质发电的旺季。在瑞典，大量电力用于供暖，因此夏季电力消耗较低。此外，夏季的工业用电较低，许多工厂处于休假和维修关闭期。10-4月期间，生物质热电联产电厂在集中供热使用较多。这种生产模式的结果是，生产者在生物质发电中获利颇丰，生产也有助于降低消费者的成本。

Biopower is produced in the high demand season, from autumn to spring. In Sweden a substantial amount of electricity is used for heating purposes, and therefore electricity comsumption is lower in the summer. Furthermore, industrial consumption of electricity is lower in the summer season when many plants close for vacation periods and maintenance. Biopower in CHPs in district heating produce most during the period October–April. A result of this production pattern is that the producers can get a good price for biopower and that the production helps to cut costs for consumers.

生物质发电一般邻近于消费者，因此分配损失相对较低的。热电联产厂位于较大的城镇，工业生物质发电厂位于有大量能源需求的工厂。

Biopower is produced near the consumers, and thus causes relatively low distribution losses. CHP plants are located in the larger cities and towns, and the biopower units in industry are located at plants using significant amounts of energy.

生物质发电是持续的和不间歇的（风力发电和太阳能发电是间歇性的），因此十分可靠。另外，它不能用来平衡风力发电。大型的生物质热电联产电厂是基负荷机组。

Biopower is produced continuously and not intermittently (like wind-power and solar power), and therefore reliable. It does not require balancing production units. On the other hand it cannot be used to balance wind-power. Large biomass CHPs are base-load units.

生物质发电厂可以使用大量燃料，因此生物质能是一种灵活的能源。这些燃料大部分是低成本的废弃物或副产品，没其他用途。

Biopower plants can use a large number of fuels and for this reason biopower is a flexible energy source. Most of these fuels are waste or by-products of low cost that have no other use.

生物质发电采用成熟的技术，并且停机的风险很小。出于安全原因，与核电一样，关闭没有风险。在这方面，生物质发电也被视为是可靠的。

Biopower uses well-established technologies and the risk for plant shut-downs is small. There is no risk for shut-downs for safety reasons, as with nuclear power. Also in this respect biopower can be deemed reliable.

生物质发电生产具有分散化，大量中小型机组生产电力，这确保了电力供应的高通路和低风险。与核电相比，这是一个很大的优势。如果发生在高峰负荷期，一个或两个大型核能机组的关闭可能会导致市场供电短缺。

Biopower production is decentralised and the power is produced in a large number of middle-size and small units. This guarantees high access and low risk for power-shortage. Compared to nuclear power this is a big advantage. Shut-down of one or two large nuclear units can create shortage on the market if it occurs at peak-load time.

交通运输的生物燃料

Biofuels for transport

生物燃料是运输燃料，原料来自森林、农产品或生物废弃物等可再生生物质。有各种各样的转换技术提供不同类型的燃料，可以取代目前汽油和柴油的使用。大多数这些燃料是液体的，例如乙醇和生物柴油，但它们也可以是气体，如沼气。

Biofuels are transport fuels that are produced from renewable biomass with raw material from the forest, agricultural products or biogenic waste. There are a wide variety of conversion techniques that provide different types of fuels that can replace the current use of petrol and diesel. Most of these fuels are liquid, such as ethanol and biodiesel but they can also be gaseous, biogas.

关于瑞典生物燃料的四个小知识：

Four things everyone should know about Swedish biofuels:

生物燃料是建立一个无化石运输行业所必需的

Biofuels are necessary to create a fossil free transport sector

可持续生物燃料对气候非常有利

Sustainable biofuels provide great benefit to the climate

瑞典生物燃料的生产创造了就业机会，加强了瑞典的农业和农村的发展

Swedish production of biofuels creates jobs and strengthens the Swedish business- and rural sectors

气候友好的生物燃料对有利于应对减排的要求

Placing requirements on emission reductions will favor climate-friendly biofuels

瑞典政府已经提出瑞典应该实现无化石燃料运输。 目标是到2030年将运输的排放量减少70％，然后完全切换到无化石燃料的运输。可以提高   效率、电气化以及将化石燃料转换成使用生物燃料。

The Swedish parliament has decided that Sweden should have a fossil free vehicle fleet. The goal is now to reduce emissions from transport by 70 percent by 2030 and then completely switch to fossil free traffic. It can be done with a combination of improved efficiency, electrification and fuel switching from fossil fuels to biofuels.

2016年瑞典生物燃料使用创新高

2016 a record year for biofuels in Sweden

基于能源含量，瑞典2016年，生物燃料占所有车辆燃料供应的18.6％。根据瑞典统计局的初步统计，使用的四分之一升柴油是可再生柴油，总共使用17.2 TWh的生物燃料。

Based on energy content, biofuels accounted for 18.6 percent of all fuel supplied to vehicles operating in Sweden in 2016. One in four litres of diesel was a renewable diesel, and the total of 17.2 TWh of biofuels was used according to preliminary statistics from Statistics Sweden and compiled by Svebio.

2016年瑞典运输市场的生物燃料供应，单位（TWh）

Supplies of biofuels to the Swedish transportation market 2016 in TWh.

这些数字表明，瑞典在化石燃料转为生物燃料这块是欧洲做的比较好的。在全球范围内，可能只有巴西在非化石燃料运输转换中已经超过瑞典。

These figures suggest that Sweden is the best in Europe when it comes to switch from fossil fuels to biofuels. Globally, it is probably only Brazil that has reached further than Sweden in the transition away from fossil fuels in transportation.

近年来，生物燃料的快速增长主要是由于氢化植物油（HVO）柴油，不同生物基原料制成的可再生柴油的使用量增加。瑞典也广泛使用了油菜籽制备的生物柴油（RME）。天然气车辆（NGV）燃料混合物中生物甲烷的份额有所增加，在2016年创纪录，达到83％。但乙醇的使用却下降了。

The rapid growth of biofuels in recent years is mainly attributed to the increased use of hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO) diesel, a renewable diesel made from different bio-based raw materials. Sweden has also an extensive use of rapeseed-derived biodiesel (RME). The share of biomethane in the natural gas vehicle (NGV) fuel blend has increased, reaching a record 83 percent level in 2016. The use of ethanol has however decreased.

可能进一步增加

Further increase possible

尽管生物燃料比例很高，但瑞典并没有利用所有机会。近年来，乙醇和RME的税收阻碍了这些燃料的使用。我们还没有按照欧盟标准允许，将汽油中的乙醇低混合度从5％提高到10％。所以有机会进一步增加生物燃料的份额，减少运输对气候的影响。

Despite the very high proportion of biofuels, Sweden has not taken advantage of all the opportunities. The taxation of ethanol and RME in recent years has held back the use of these fuels. We have yet to increase low-blend of ethanol in gasoline, from 5 to 10 percent, as the EU standard allows. So there are good opportunities to further increase the share of biofuels and reduce the climate impact from transport.

来源：Svebio–Swedish Bioenergy Assocation

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